The 1860 Constitution and electoral law of 1861 laid the legal framework for presidential and parliamentary elections of early 1870. Articles 57 and 85 of the Constitution established the election of a third of the congress every two years and a new president every four. In accordance with this constitutional rule, three and six parliamentary elections took place between 1868 and 1878. The law of 1861 elections divided into three parts. In the first one the people elected delegates. In the second, the latter elected the new chairman and new members of Congress (one third of them were replaced every two years). In the third of the conference decided if the election of each new member and the president had been legal. The various parties and factions campaigning during the three phases of elections. In the 1870s the people elected delegates in October, they then elected the new members of Congress in November and the new president in May. The parliament took its final decision in July. This lengthy procedure was an important reason why the election had a long political dispute. Voters established by Article 38 of the Constitution of 1860 was very large. All males could vote more than 21 years of age who could read and write, or pay taxes, or possess a workshop or some land. Legally, most Peruvians adult males had the right to vote. Many artisans had a shop or plot of land outside cities, and many landless peasants as members of indigenous communities. However, we do not know how many people actually voted. There is no doubt that the municipal authorities in charge of registering voters did not respect the law, but rather trying to prevent political opponents from voting and refused to register them. Thus, the first objective of any party was to control the electoral register. Although no exact figures on voter turnout, all contemporaries agreed in 1871 that most adult males had the right to vote in general elections. This means that the Indians, who made nearly sixty percent of the population in 1876, were accepted as voters in them. You could not see this as something extraordinary, but as something normal. In the 1870 we see two major developments in the field of elections in our country: first, the lower and middle classes no longer content with the present electoral and social contacts, and demanded political representation. The participation of the masses was necessary to win elections, they wanted therefore be represented by one of their ranks. In 1871, the SIE (Club's most important electoral campaign of 1871-72 and the nucleus of the Civil Party, the largest political party in the next fifty years) just had seven artisans among its 272 founding members and the central board. Only one of them had a high position in the club. But in 1877, when two craftsmen ran as alternate members to the Chamber of Deputies, the Civil Party, arising out of the SIE, were endorsed. A few days before the two candidates were proclaimed, an assembly of craftsmen demanded that one of them to run for a seat in the House of Representatives, and not just as alternate. It was a novelty that artisans running for Congress because Unlike his predecessors and colleagues potential in him, it was manual labor. Finally, in 1878, Francisco Gonzalez, Cusco, became the first craftsman in Congress. Gonzalez had been by far the most popular candidate and respected in this city, but the Civil Party, which had a majority in parliament, opposed. As its candidate had been clearly defeated, the party leadership had to accept that it was "impossible" yet give victory to have a comfortable majority in Congress. Therefore decided to cancel the election in that department. To prevent this measure, craftsman offered to collaborate with civilians in parliament presented as guarantor Pedro José Tordoya, Bishop of Cusco. The party leadership accepted and Gonzalez entered the chamber of deputies. Second, the election campaigns of the 1870's became very long and costly. Even the wealthy men refrained from apply for fear of wasting your money without winning. In 1877, for example, estimated the campaign in Lima four candidates backed by the Civil Party would cost 60.000 soles. No one wanted to spend 15.000 soles. Therefore, half the money had to be achieved through donations. Summary paper entitled: Elections and political participation in nineteenth-century Peru: the presidential campaign of 1871-72 - Author: Ulrich Mücke
ACTIVITIES:
1. MANAGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF INFORMATION:
Select the most important information contained in this work using the following address:
prepared an outline entitled: Elections in the 1870 Who could vote?. He adds additional data to enrich your work) for example, why it was important to get the vote of a particular social group, who were excluded, etc..).
2. CRITICAL THINKING:
a) Do you think the presidential elections in the 1870's were very or little exclusive? Why?
b) Currently, unlike nineteenth-century elections, all persons are entitled to vote, including (as) illiterate (as). Do you think the votes of these people can be manipulated? Why?
c) The recent Peruvian women get their right to vote in elections in mid-twentieth century (in 1955 during the administration of President Odría), do you think it is important women's participation in the electoral process? Why?
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