THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
Revolution means "change". An example of revolution is the change that occurred from the Palaeolithic to the Neolithic: the first, the man is a hunter, which means that it is shifting and there is no private property. What a game for everyone. In contrast, in the Neolithic, the man becomes a farmer, which leads to become sedentary and, in turn, appears private property. This revolution was an economic revolution.
The French Revolution is a political revolution, economic and social: in the Old Regime, the economy was stagnant, society was stratified and politics, absolute. After the Revolution, the economy was in a growth phase, the company is mental and politics is a Democrat.
Revolution happened in France and not elsewhere because you'll be better known enlightened ideas. In the s. XVIII the ancien regime is exhausted, the economy, by the bourgeoisie seeks rebirth, ideas of the Enlightenment are entrenched and the system is much criticized. This had an impact such that it is regarded as the beginning of modern times. CAUSES
late eighteenth century kept the Old Regime France: King Louis XVI was still an absolute monarch and society was the estates, was divided between the haves (Nobility and clergy) and unprivileged (village level or third state). So we can establish three types of causes that led to the outbreak of the revolution:
a) Economic causes. Since 1760, crop failure occurred, resulting in rising prices and discontent of the popular groups. Furthermore, increased the financial crisis by cutting expenses and conflicts.
b) social causes. Many bourgeois became rich during the S. XVIII. But they were unhappy because they had little political power, as senior government and army were held by the nobles. Addition considered unfair that only the third state, to which he belonged, despite their economic power, pay taxes.
c) ideological causes. The ideas illustrated argued that people had a "natural rights" that political power should be respected.
MAIN EVENTS
In 1789 a series of revolts led to the crisis of the ancien regime.
• In spring, the political turmoil. Louis XVI convened the Estates General, ie the assembly formed by the three estates, to approve new taxes and thus to solve the financial crisis. States General had not been summoned by a king of France since 1614, but Louis XVI was forced to do so because the economic crisis was so serious that it threatened to bring down the monarchy.
The nobility and the clergy wanted a vote on an estate, which gave the privileged majority, while the plain people's representatives defended the vote by head, which gave them the majority. In response to the refusal of the privileged, in June the representatives of ordinary people went on National Assembly following the oath of the Tennis Court, pledged not to develop separate until a constitution.
• In July, the popular revolt. Louis XVI was not willing to accept National Assembly and concentrated his troops around Paris. Given this, the Parisians were armed and took the Bastille Prison. Soon the revolt spread throughout France. At the same time, in the fields spread the "great fear" to a rumor started that gangs organized by nobles were burning crops and killing the farmers. The peasants were assembled and marched against the aristocratic castle to destroy records that included the feudal rights. The king was forced to accept the National Assembly to ratify their decisions.
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
Between 1789 and 1791 the National Assembly undertook three initiatives:
a) The removal of privileges. On August 4, 1789, to restore peace in the camps were abolished feudal rights on peasants and removed the collection of tithe to the Church.
b) The adoption of the Declaration on the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789). Proclaimed freedom, equality between people and national sovereignty.
c) The adoption of a constitution (1791). Established the division of powers between the king, who would appoint the ministers and direct foreign policy, a Legislative Assembly and judges. The Assembly would vote the laws and based on census suffrage, ie only those vote they had a certain income. King Louis XVI proclaimed the constitution and held elections for the Legislative Assembly. These measures had the end of the Old Regime and the beginning of the constitutional monarchy.
THE LEGISLATURE (1791 - 1792)
Once approved the constitution, the Assembly took the name National Assembly. In which the bourgeoisie had a very important representation. There were several political tendencies within the House. Provided the most conservative sector of 264 members and was opposed to changes in the social order. The left had 136 members, most belonging to the Jacobins, and betting on major social reforms. In the center had 345 deputies who were inclined personally by one sector or another depending on the situation. The new system also had many enemies:
· The nobles. The nobility wanted to recover their privileges. Many nobles were exiled to a country where absolutism reigned from there and plotted against the constitutional monarchy.
• The clergy. Members of the Legislative Assembly Church property confiscated and used to reduce debt. In return, the state is obliged to keep the priests, provided they swore allegiance to the constitution, but many refused.
• The royal family. Although Louis XVI had sworn to the constitution, conspired to overthrow the revolutionary government. The royal family tried to flee France, but was arrested in Varennes (June 1791) and forced to return to Paris.
Other groups were unhappy because they wanted to take reforms further. Among these radical revolutionaries were the Jacobins, who had their main support among the sans-culottes, of Paris militia demanded the proclamation of a republic.
war abroad
European monarchies felt threatened by revolutionary ideas and reforms imposed in France, and feared that the example is extended to their countries. In April 1792 the war started in Austria and Prussia against France.
This war influenced the events that took place in France. On the one hand, Louis XVI, the nobles and clergy hoped that the revolutionary government was defeated in the war, which would return to the old regime. On the other hand, some revolutionaries supported the war, they thought that this would serve to spread the revolution outside France.
The people of Paris blamed the king of the first defeats French and attacked the royal palace, the Tuileries in August 1792. The popular uprising forced to appoint a new Assembly Call Convention, elected by universal male suffrage. The Convention decreed the arrest of the king, the abolition of the monarchy and proclaimed the First Republic.
THE CONVENTION (1792 - 1795)
The two largest groups in the Convention were the Girondins, a group of moderate Republicans, and the mountaineers or Jacobins, radical, whose leader was Maximilien Robespierre.
The Highlanders eventually took power and adopted a new constitution, the Constitution of 1793, more democratic, which never entered into force. Also, set some social laws, such as price controls, insurance for the poor and compulsory education for 12 years.
The Republic suffered a double pressure:
· outside, the death sentence of Louis XVI in 1793 triggered the entry into the war in England, Spain and the German and Italian princes.
• In the interior, the peasants of the Vendée region revolted in favor of the king, the nobles and clergy. These contras were defeated after two years. In this situation
Robespierre had a dictatorship and enforced a policy of terror: a person suspected of not supporting the republic was guillotined. About 50 thousand people were executed. The Convention was frightened by the excesses of Robespierre, ordered his execution in 1794. Adopted a new constitution (1795), more moderate, based on census suffrage was restored and the power went to a Board that was composed of five members. Legislative power is exercised a bicameral assembly, formed by the Council of Elders (accepted or rejected laws) and the Council of 500 (prepared by law). The Board covered from 1795 to 1799, the year in which a soldier, Napoleon Bonaparte gave the coup of 18 Brumaire (equivalent to 9 November in our calendar).
Revolution means "change". An example of revolution is the change that occurred from the Palaeolithic to the Neolithic: the first, the man is a hunter, which means that it is shifting and there is no private property. What a game for everyone. In contrast, in the Neolithic, the man becomes a farmer, which leads to become sedentary and, in turn, appears private property. This revolution was an economic revolution. The French Revolution is a political revolution, economic and social: in the Old Regime, the economy was stagnant, society was stratified and politics, absolute. After the Revolution, the economy was in a growth phase, the company is mental and politics is a Democrat.
Revolution happened in France and not elsewhere because you'll be better known enlightened ideas. In the s. XVIII the ancien regime is exhausted, the economy, by the bourgeoisie seeks rebirth, ideas of the Enlightenment are entrenched and the system is much criticized. This had an impact such that it is regarded as the beginning of modern times. CAUSES
late eighteenth century kept the Old Regime France: King Louis XVI was still an absolute monarch and society was the estates, was divided between the haves (Nobility and clergy) and unprivileged (village level or third state). So we can establish three types of causes that led to the outbreak of the revolution:
a) Economic causes. Since 1760, crop failure occurred, resulting in rising prices and discontent of the popular groups. Furthermore, increased the financial crisis by cutting expenses and conflicts.
b) social causes. Many bourgeois became rich during the S. XVIII. But they were unhappy because they had little political power, as senior government and army were held by the nobles. Addition considered unfair that only the third state, to which he belonged, despite their economic power, pay taxes.
c) ideological causes. The ideas illustrated argued that people had a "natural rights" that political power should be respected.
MAIN EVENTS In 1789 a series of revolts led to the crisis of the ancien regime.
• In spring, the political turmoil. Louis XVI convened the Estates General, ie the assembly formed by the three estates, to approve new taxes and thus to solve the financial crisis. States General had not been summoned by a king of France since 1614, but Louis XVI was forced to do so because the economic crisis was so serious that it threatened to bring down the monarchy.
The nobility and the clergy wanted a vote on an estate, which gave the privileged majority, while the plain people's representatives defended the vote by head, which gave them the majority. In response to the refusal of the privileged, in June the representatives of ordinary people went on National Assembly following the oath of the Tennis Court, pledged not to develop separate until a constitution.
• In July, the popular revolt. Louis XVI was not willing to accept National Assembly and concentrated his troops around Paris. Given this, the Parisians were armed and took the Bastille Prison. Soon the revolt spread throughout France. At the same time, in the fields spread the "great fear" to a rumor started that gangs organized by nobles were burning crops and killing the farmers. The peasants were assembled and marched against the aristocratic castle to destroy records that included the feudal rights. The king was forced to accept the National Assembly to ratify their decisions.
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
Between 1789 and 1791 the National Assembly undertook three initiatives:
a) The removal of privileges. On August 4, 1789, to restore peace in the camps were abolished feudal rights on peasants and removed the collection of tithe to the Church.
b) The adoption of the Declaration on the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789). Proclaimed freedom, equality between people and national sovereignty.
c) The adoption of a constitution (1791). Established the division of powers between the king, who would appoint the ministers and direct foreign policy, a Legislative Assembly and judges. The Assembly would vote the laws and based on census suffrage, ie only those vote they had a certain income. King Louis XVI proclaimed the constitution and held elections for the Legislative Assembly. These measures had the end of the Old Regime and the beginning of the constitutional monarchy.
THE LEGISLATURE (1791 - 1792)
Once approved the constitution, the Assembly took the name National Assembly. In which the bourgeoisie had a very important representation. There were several political tendencies within the House. Provided the most conservative sector of 264 members and was opposed to changes in the social order. The left had 136 members, most belonging to the Jacobins, and betting on major social reforms. In the center had 345 deputies who were inclined personally by one sector or another depending on the situation. The new system also had many enemies:
· The nobles. The nobility wanted to recover their privileges. Many nobles were exiled to a country where absolutism reigned from there and plotted against the constitutional monarchy.
• The clergy. Members of the Legislative Assembly Church property confiscated and used to reduce debt. In return, the state is obliged to keep the priests, provided they swore allegiance to the constitution, but many refused.
• The royal family. Although Louis XVI had sworn to the constitution, conspired to overthrow the revolutionary government. The royal family tried to flee France, but was arrested in Varennes (June 1791) and forced to return to Paris.
Other groups were unhappy because they wanted to take reforms further. Among these radical revolutionaries were the Jacobins, who had their main support among the sans-culottes, of Paris militia demanded the proclamation of a republic.
war abroad
European monarchies felt threatened by revolutionary ideas and reforms imposed in France, and feared that the example is extended to their countries. In April 1792 the war started in Austria and Prussia against France.
This war influenced the events that took place in France. On the one hand, Louis XVI, the nobles and clergy hoped that the revolutionary government was defeated in the war, which would return to the old regime. On the other hand, some revolutionaries supported the war, they thought that this would serve to spread the revolution outside France.
The people of Paris blamed the king of the first defeats French and attacked the royal palace, the Tuileries in August 1792. The popular uprising forced to appoint a new Assembly Call Convention, elected by universal male suffrage. The Convention decreed the arrest of the king, the abolition of the monarchy and proclaimed the First Republic.
THE CONVENTION (1792 - 1795) The two largest groups in the Convention were the Girondins, a group of moderate Republicans, and the mountaineers or Jacobins, radical, whose leader was Maximilien Robespierre.
The Highlanders eventually took power and adopted a new constitution, the Constitution of 1793, more democratic, which never entered into force. Also, set some social laws, such as price controls, insurance for the poor and compulsory education for 12 years.
The Republic suffered a double pressure:
· outside, the death sentence of Louis XVI in 1793 triggered the entry into the war in England, Spain and the German and Italian princes.
• In the interior, the peasants of the Vendée region revolted in favor of the king, the nobles and clergy. These contras were defeated after two years. In this situation
Robespierre had a dictatorship and enforced a policy of terror: a person suspected of not supporting the republic was guillotined. About 50 thousand people were executed. The Convention was frightened by the excesses of Robespierre, ordered his execution in 1794. Adopted a new constitution (1795), more moderate, based on census suffrage was restored and the power went to a Board that was composed of five members. Legislative power is exercised a bicameral assembly, formed by the Council of Elders (accepted or rejected laws) and the Council of 500 (prepared by law). The Board covered from 1795 to 1799, the year in which a soldier, Napoleon Bonaparte gave the coup of 18 Brumaire (equivalent to 9 November in our calendar).
ACTIVITIES
1. MADE: A timeline to locate the major events that occurred during the development of the French Revolution, from its outbreak until Napoleon took over the government to give the coup.
2. ANSWER:
A) What is called the States General, and under what circumstances were summoned?
B) It is said that the most important legacy or heritage of France to humanity is the Declaration on the Rights of Man and Citizen, why?
C) Why did the nobles and the clergy are considered to enemies of the new regime?
D) What sparked fear in other European monarchies?
3. RESEARCH
A) Who was Robespierre and which led to their downfall?
B) What is the Marseillaise?
4. Illustrates the issue. (A4 sheet of paper, attached as a leaf notebook)
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