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OF GOVERNMENT OF CASTILLA

Castilla at first estimated that Peru had a debt would not exceed 7 or 8 million pesos. The truth is that payment of this debt through consolidation bonds was a scandal of capital ratios as in the next government, headed by José Rufino Echenique, bonuses paid 23 million pesos. The corruption that was generated around this issue not only reached but also unscrupulous traders honorable men of Lima society. The ingenuity to counterfeit bonds led many men to forge signatures of past presidents including the signatures of Bolívar and San Martín. Ramón Castilla returned to power after taking up arms against the government of Echenique. The trigger was the scandal of the consolidation bonds. It knew he had a "factory bond" and that the government looked the other way. Complain that the Peruvian merchant Domingo Elias, Ramón Castilla was quick to take up arms and lead a revolution moralizing. Had the support of southern Peru and the social classes that had not been favored by the carve-up of bonds. Left Arequipa and Cuzco and Ayacucho step. In the latter city decreed the end of Indian tribute and passing through Huancayo abolished slavery (1854). He faced Echenique troops in Palma, a few kilometers from the city of Lima which overcame. He took over as president on August 14 seconds 1855.Este government was a liberal. The ultimate expression of thoughts and expectations this time is expressed in the constitution of 1860, characterized by the inclusion of social sectors hitherto excluded from national political life. Similarly popular sovereignty did not dent the current conservative postulated the sovereignty of the intelligence about the ignorant people who do not have the financial means nor the mental capacity to lead to estado.La constitution was characterized by strengthening the functions of the camera of deputies, government time reduction (from six to four years), election of two vice presidents and was allowed the right to vote to all men who could read and write to the foremen or small business and pay some contribution to estado.Entre major works of the second period of Castile stands the completion of the General Census of the Republic, which resulted in a population 2 million 487 thousand inhabitants, the creation of the Department of Loreto and the purchase of several vessels for exploration and patrol the Amazon. Other works highlight was the return of the municipalities and the creation of the Directorate of Public Works, the opening of the drinking water in the capital city, the construction of the passenger train Lima-Chorrillos, the promulgation of Instruction Public (1855), a liberal and developed mainly by Sebastian Lorente.El government of Castile came to an end in 1862. Miguel de San Román was elected president and succeeded him in command without a hitch. Had a short term due to poor health. In the few months he was in command established the Metric System of Weights and Measures and changed the monetary system since Peru had been invaded Bolivia feeble coin of little value. Similarly, during his government knew of the presence of a English fleet in the Pacific Ocean whose true intentions (to recover their colonies) were covered under the name of scientific expedition. Miguel de San Roman died on April 3, 1863, just six months of assuming the leadership of the government.

ACTIVITIES:

1. SAYS:
A) Why Echenique's government may be branded as controversial?
B) What major events occurred during the uprising against the government of Castilla Echenique?
C) What major works are performed in the second government of Castilla?

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CONFLICT WITH SPAIN AND PRECURSORS

After the second government of Castile called for new elections, resulting winner Miguel de San Román, who took office on October 24, 1862. His government was ephemeral, as in Chorrillos died April 4, 1863, taking over the general government Diez Canseco, given that the first vice-president, Gen. Juan Antonio Pezet, was in Europe. On August 3, 1863 return of Pezet and immediately took over the government. During his government, Peru has to face the conflict against Spain. BACKGROUND


The war with Spain was preceded by that country's refusal to recognize the full validity of the Capitulation of Ayacucho and thus, the independence of Peru. Claiming that was still pending a resolution of the debt issue of independence, refused to establish diplomatic relations with Peru.

Talambo INCIDENT - diplomatic crisis
English Admiral Luis Hernández Pinzón was commissioned in 1862 by the English government to command a scientific expedition to America. This expedition was questioned from the beginning by the Peruvian government, as it was known unofficially that it was intended to accommodate the demands of the English residents in Peru. The expedition arrived at Callao in mid-1863 and resumed travel north just before Independence Day. About the same time an incident happened at the ranch Talambo, Lambayeque, among some English workers and the owner of the hacienda. Killed a Peruvian and a English. Spain claimed a penalty through Mazarredo Eusebio Salazar, who was appointed royal commissioner extraordinary. On landing at Callao with this title, the Peruvian government refused to recognize because this charge was only valid in a English colony. Salazar accused her of wanting to Peru after a conflict with Spain, and retired.
response, Finch's squad returned and occupied the Chincha Islands in April 1864. Spain proceeded immediately to send the Navy War and replaced by José Manuel Pinzon couple. For its part, the Peruvian government hoped a diplomatic solution pathway required for strengthened due to the weakness of the squad and the Peruvian army. After months of indecision, was signed Vivanco-Pareja Treaty in January 1865, which stated that Peru accepted the regional commissioner, paid the debt of independence and the costs of the English Armada, Spain, meanwhile, remain the occupation of the Chincha Islands to the obligations of Peru.

PRADO REVOLUTION
The population rejected the treaty unanimously Vivanco - couple. In Arequipa, a movement led by Colonel Mariano Ignacio Prado rebelled in February 1865, heading to his men to the capital. Winner, Prado introduced a dictatorship, as President Pezet started abroad. The new governor called for a cabinet that had two objectives: to seek the accession of neighboring countries through a defense treaty to halt the English advance, which joined Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador and Peru, and prevent the legalization of the shameful Treaty Vivanco -Pareja. Thus, Prado annulled the treaty and demanded the immediate withdrawal of the English fleet, which threatened to bomb the Chilean port of Valparaiso and sending an emissary legitimate. Spain and Peru refused him officially declared war on 14 January 1866, making alliance with Chile, Ecuador and Bolivia. DEVELOPMENT OF CONFLICT


The Chilean and Peruvian teams came together to quickly resolve the conflict. The first victory was achieved when the Chilean fleet captured the English ship "Covadonga." Upon hearing what happened, José Manuel couple committed suicide and was replaced by Casto Méndez Núñez.

A) COMBAT ABTA
The February 7, 1866, was held in the Chilean port of Abtao the first formal confrontation between the Allies and the English fleets. Although it was the latter that the attack began, allied forces were victorious. In response to this, the English fleet bombarded the port of Valparaiso. Damage materials skirted the fifteen million dollars, and although the city was ravaged by a serious fire, only counted two dead. Confident in ultimate victory, the English squad also decided to bomb the port of Callao.

B) BATTLE OF THE TWO MAY
Méndez Núñez told the Peruvian government in late April, his decision to attack Peru. War Minister, Jose Galvez, decided to immediately start work to defend the port. As had arrived in Peru on new weapons requested by Pezet, was available fifty-seven guns, plus some vessels with small armored artillery towers. At noon
of May 2, 1866 actions were initiated. Despite the violence of the English attack, Callao resisted. Finally, the English fleet withdrew, leaving widespread damage and casualties, estimated at about two thousand, including the minister José Gálvez.
While it is difficult to give a clear victory for one of the sides, it is true that the English fleet is retired from the Peruvian coast from ten days on the island of San Lorenzo. Diplomatic relations with Spain were not restored until the signing of a peace treaty in 1879.

ACTIVITIES:

1. LOCATION SPACE - TIME

Make a timeline that includes from 1862 to 1866 and highlights key events.

2. MANAGEMENT AND PERFORMANCE OF THE INFORMATION

- Mariano Ignacio Prado Pezet replaces in its second term.

- Before attacking the Callao, the English attack Chile.

- The treaty Vivanco - couple was favorable to Peru.

- Prado is up in arms in the north.

- Peru relations in 1866 - Spain are restored.

- San Román's government lasted three years.

- The treaty Vivanco - couple gave to Spain all the guano from Peru.

- Colombia and Venezuela unite to Peru to face Spain.

- The Port of Valparaiso is located in Chile.

- José Gálvez was Minister of War Prado government.

3. CRITICAL THINKING

A) Do you think the treaty Vivanco - couple was harmful to Peru?

B) Do you think is right for Prado Pezet rebelled against? Why?

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My Old Daily Mail

Adding a self-descriptive items, here is a page of my diary.

Stomach Sitting By Women

Over the years, write, share and receive criticism. The most persistent and constant criticism is very simple and I hit hard while reviewing old letters. I share the bit of my answer just for the fun and too serious mood change when they brought the Variations. Here is the best way to describe me (of course modesty aside):

" is funny, indeed, almost all women believe that women should go crazy for me just read to me. But none of you are saying is crazy. Jajaja Even my mom, when she saw the Valley of Screams , instead of congratulating me, I said "I do not know how old you ....!" not mean, imagine how fucking nasty that I must be, to yet and I'm a genius aesthetics and the feeling, no one swing bull! Chale, I need a drink .... "

How sad is not it?